To build the most stable and security-patched system you can, you'll want to make sure you're running the latest version of FreeBSD-STABLE. When I built my last system, the April 28, 2001 version of FreeBSD 4.3-STABLE was the latest version released. For those of you new to FreeBSD, the STABLE branch is the version of the operating system that has all of the latest patches, bugfixes, and enhancements after the previous release was made. If you've installed FreeBSD-4.3 from CD-ROM (either one that your purchased or 'burned' from a downloaded ISO image), you probably installed 4.3-RELEASE, which is (simplistically) nothing more than a version of the 4.3 branch that was exhaustively tested, burned to CD-ROM and made available for sale.  After the release date of 4.3-RELEASE (on April 20, 2001), the 4.3 tree continued to evolve & be patched (for security reasons) after that point.  Since there's no way the folks at FreeBSD.org can burn & sell CD-ROMs for each day's version of the 4.3 tree, 4.3-RELEASE is the only one made available for sale on CD, and subsequent snapshots of the 4.3 tree are only available on-line and are labelled '4.3-STABLE'. Once 4.3-STABLE is sufficiently enhanced/patched (perhaps 4 months later), the code enters a freeze and will officially become the 'RELEASE' version of the next FreeBSD release. If you're installing FreeBSD 4.3 well after the release date, you will definitely want to install 4.3-STABLE, not 4.3-RELEASE.

So, what are the benefits of loading 4.3-STABLE rather than 4.3-RELEASE? Well, the biggest answer (if you're building a firewall, like we are here) is that all of the security patches have been applied to the O/S and the associated applications.  To use the prior baseline of FreeBSD (4.2) as an example, FreeBSD-4.2-RELEASE (which was released in November 2000) uses OpenSSH-2.2.0, which is a great product but also has a remote buffer overflow that wasn't discovered until early February, 2001.  If a hacker exploited this vulnerability on your 4.2-RELEASE box, they would gain remote root access and ruin your day.  The relevant info on this vulnerability can be found on SecurityFocus' website. When you loaded FreeBSD-4.2-STABLE (if you were following this HOWTO in mid-March of 2001), by comparison, you would have gotten FreeBSD-4.2-RELEASE with all of the patches applied after the November 2000 release...so your system would have OpenSSH-2.3.0 (not OpenSSH-2.2.0) which is not vulnerable to the remote buffer overflow.  So loading the latest snapshot from the STABLE branch saves you a lot of time associated with loading security-related patches after your OS load is finished. 

1. Inventory your computer hardware and ensure that it is compatible with FreeBSD. The latest compatibility list (for the 4.3 baseline) can be found in the FreeBSD 4.3 Release Notes.
   
2. Verify that you have at least 750M available on your hard drive. After the initial install of FreeBSD (the first section of this document), you will have taken up about 325M. After downloading the latest kernel sources, and updating your ports tree, you will have taken up about 567M (depending on the number of ports sections you wish to keep up to date). And, finally, after you finish installing & compiling tripwire and recompiling the kernel, you will have taken up about 710MB. Which directory is the biggest disk space hog? /usr/src (& sub-directories) takes up 350MB. All other directories take up less than 90MB apiece.
3. Download the boot floppy images:
   1. FTP to ftp://releng4.freebsd.org/
   2. Change directory into /pub/FreeBSD/snapshots/i386/4.3-YYYYMMDD-STABLE/floppies ...where 4.3-YYYYMMDD-STABLE is the directory that houses the latest snapshot. So the directory 4.3-20010601-STABLE, represents the 4.3 baseline, year 2001, month 06, and day 01...or the June 1st 2001 snapshot of FreeBSD 4.3-STABLE. Regardless of when I wrote this document, or whenever you downloaded and followed it, make sure that you get the newest snapshot in the directory so that you have the most stable, patched, and enhanced version of FreeBSD available.
   3. Download the kern.flp and mfsroot.flp images & store them in your /tmp directory (on Linux or FreeBSD) or c:\windows\temp directory (for Windows),  depending on what system you're downloading from.
      
4. Download the floppy creation tools if you're a DOS/Windows users.
   1. FTP to ftp://ftp.freebsd.org/
   2. Change directory into /pub/FreeBSD/tools
   3. Download the program, rawrite.exe, and store it in the same directory that you used, above.
      
5. Create Boot Floppies
   1. If you're using Linux or FreeBSD, use the dd command as follows, and create one floppy from the kern.flp image, and another disk from the mfsroot.flp image.

      [root@yoursys /tmp]# dd if=/tmp/kern.flp of=/dev/fd0
      2880+1 records in
      2880+0 records out
      1474560 bytes transferred in 49.931306 secs (30135 bytes/sec)

   2. If you're using DOS/Windows, use the rawrite program that you downloaded.  Just like with Linux, make one floppy from the kern.flp image, and another one from the mfsroot.flp image.

      C:\WINDOWS\TEMP>rawrite
      RaWrite 1.3 - Write disk file to raw floppy diskette
      Enter source file name: mfsroot.flp
      Enter destination drive: a:
      Please insert a formatted diskette into drive A: and press -ENTER- :
      Number of sectors per track for this disk is 18
      Writing image to drive A:. Press ^C to abort.
      Track: 79 Head: 1 Sector: 16
      Done.

6. On the FreeBSD machine, insert the kernel floppy (kern.flp) in your floppy drive and boot from it.  When prompted, insert the 'MFS root' floppy (mfsroot.flp).
7. Run the kernel configuration utility in full-screen visual mode to clear any conflicts and ensure the kernel matches your hardware.  For example, remove SCSI controllers if you don't have any, etc.  On my system (where I don't have any SCSI controllers or a PS/2 mouse), here's the only active drivers I left enabled (I deleted the rest):

   Storage:
   ATA/ATAPI compatible disk controller	ata0	14	0x1f0
   ATA/ATAPI compatible disk controller	ata1	15	0x170
   Floppy disk controller	fdc0	6	0x3f0
   Networks:
   NE1000,NE2000,3C503,WD/SMC80xx Ethernet adapters	ed0	10	0x280
   Communications:
   Parallel Port chipset	ppc0	7
   8250/16450/16550 Serial port	sio0	4	0x3f8
   8250/16450/16550 Serial port	sio1	3	0x2f8
   Input:
   Keyboard	atkbd0	1
   Syscons console driver	sc0
   Multimedia:
   Miscellaneous:
   Math coprocessor	npx0	13	0xf0

   Note: If you have PCI-based Ethernet cards, you can delete all of the network cards in the list - yours will be found and configured automatically.  If you're on the other end of the scale (like me) and you have two old NE2000-compliant ISA network cards, you'll only be able to configure one of them at this time (ed0).  After your installation is complete, you'll have to build a custom kernel & add in a "placeholder" for the 2nd generic ISA card, and then run through the kernel configuration utility again after you reboot. We'll do this at the end of this document.

   Hit 'Q' then 'Y' to save your changes and exit. 

8. From the main menu, choose a 'Standard' installation.
9. In the FDISK Partition Editor, choose 'A' to use the entire disk. This will let FreeBSD take the entire disk and eliminate the need for a bootloader. Press 'Q' to continue.
10. Now, you will now be presented with the Install Boot Manager for drive... screen. Select 'Standard' to install a standard MBR (no boot manager). After all, you won't be dual-booting this machine...it's your firewall. Therefore, you won't need a boot loader.
11. In the Disklabel Editor, create the following partitions, then choose 'Q' to continue.  Note that I'm using a 4GB hard drive. You can decrease the sizes of the partitions if you don't have a 4GB hard drive for your system. Those two partitions can go as low as 64MB since this won't be a common-user system...but the /usr partition should never go below 650MB since that's where all of your kernel source and ports tree is located. Here's a partition scheme if you have a 4GB drive:

    256MB swap partition (or at least 2x your RAM)
    128MB file system mounted as /
    512MB file system mounted as /tmp
    512MB file system mounted as /var
    1,000MB file system mounted as /usr
    640MB file system mounted as /usr/local
    1,000MB file system mounted as /usr/home

    Here's a partition scheme if you only have one of those old 1.1 GB drives. I haven't tried to install it on a drive this small, but based on the partition usage after you've completed this HOWTO, these numbers look about right. The only thing that might make it not work is if a whole bunch of temp files are created during the kernel compilation process (which would subsequently fill up /tmp and cause the compile to abort, etc.). So, 'caveat emptor' on the 1.1 GB configuration. If you're able to make it work on a drive this small, please email me & I'll update the HOWTO.

    128MB swap partition
    128MB file system mounted as /
    64MB file system mounted as /tmp
    64MB file system mounted as /var
    640MB file system mounted as /usr
    64MB file system mounted as /usr/local
    32MB file system mounted as /usr/home

12. Choose "Kern-Developer" as the Distribution you want to install by highlighting it and pressing the 'space' bar.  Remember, this is going to become a gateway/firewall system, and you'll need the kernel source code to recompile IPFILTER into the kernel.  Also, you don't need (or want) X Windows running on it.
13. Select "Yes" to install the FreeBSD ports collection.
14. Arrow back up to "<<< X Exit" and hit the 'space' bar to exit the Distribution Menu
15. Select either an FTP or FTP Passive install (depending on what your current network's firewall will support).
16. Select "4.0 SNAP Server (releng4.freebsd.org)" as your Distribution Site
17. Select your Ethernet card as the network interface to install from (e.g. "ed0" if you're using a generic NE2000-compatible ISA card).
18. Select "no" for IPv6 config
19. Select "yes" for DHCP configuration if your network card is directly connected to your cable modem, etc.  Select "no" if you're on a pre-existing network, then enter your interface configuration information manually - host name, domain name, IPv4 gateway IP address, name server IP address, IPv4 address, and netmask.
20. At the "Last Chance" warning, select "yes".

    (System Installs...If releng4.freebsd.org isn't heavily loaded, the install can take as little as 22 minutes (with a cable modem). If releng4.freebsd.org is heavily loaded, the install can take as long as 2 hours...or longer...)
    

21. Miscellaneous configuration:
    1. Do you want this machine to function as a gateway? Yes
    2. Do you want to have anonymous FTP access to this machine? No
    3. Do you want to configure this machine as an NFS Server: No
    4. Do you want to configure this machine as an NFS Client: No
    5. Select "No" when asked "Do you want to select a default security profile for this host". This will select the "Medium" setting. We will change this to the "Extreme - Very restrictive security settings" at the end of this procedure - after we recompile the kernel, etc.
    6. Select "No" when asked to modify the system console configuration.
    7. Select "Yes" when asked "Would you like to set this machine's time zone now?"  Then, select "No" when asked if your machine's CMOS clock is set to UTC.  Then select the appropriate time zone - by region, country, and then the applicable time zone.
    8. Select "No" when asked if you'd like to install Linux Binary support.
    9. Select "No" when asked if you want to enable USB mouse support (unless, of course, you have one...)
    10. Make the following configuration changes for the mouse configuration, then enable it & test it, then select "Exit" to return to the previous menu. Note that I have a 2-button serial mouse - that's why I'm using COM1 and 3-button emulation: 

        Type: Auto
        Port: COM1
        Flags: -3

    11. When asked to browse the FreeBSD packages collection, select "Yes", then select the "4.0 SNAP Server" as the distribution site, elect to skip over a network reconfiguration (you've already done it correctly once...no need to do it again), and then install the following packages. Note that these package preferences are just my own personal preferences. If you're a firewall 'purist' (which means you take a more minimalistic approach when configuring firewalls - for security reasons) then the only package you'll need to install is cvsup-bin-16.1 (so that you can get the latest copy of the source & ports, etc.) If you're like me, I like using lynx to access the web, mutt to read email, and bash as my shell. Even though I don't use the firewall as a common-user machine, I consider those three programs "necessities" for me. Your usage patterns will vary. Regardless of what my own preferences are, please substitute, add, or delete as you see fit...it's your firewall after all...

        WWW - lynx-2.8.3.1
        Mail - mutt-1.2.5
        Net - cvsup-bin-16.1
        Shells - bash-2.0.5

        Then tab over and select "Install", select "OK" to confirm your choices

        (Packages are installed...takes about 60 seconds)
        
        

    12. Select "Yes" when asked if you want to add any additional user accounts.  Since this is a firewall, not a common user machine, we won't need many, but you will need at least one. The main reason we're adding at least one other user account is so that we can set up SSH so that it does not allow remote root logins. Instead, you must SSH to the firewall as the user, and then 'su' to root.
    13. Select "User - Add a new user to the system" on the User and group management dialog box. Then enter the login id, password, and full name. Make sure you put a '0' in the member groups box. This will put your new user in the 'wheel' group so that they can 'su' to root. Also put /usr/local/bin/bash in for their default shell. When finished, select 'OK', and then 'X - Exit'
    14. Set the 'root' password: ******
    15. When asked if you'd like to visit the General Configuration menu to set any last options, select "Yes" and configure the following options:

        Networking:
          - Disable "inetd - This machine wants to run the inet daemon"
          - Enable "ntpdate - Select a clock-synchronization server"
          - Disable "portmap - This machine wants to run the portmapper daemon"
          - Disable "sendmail - This machine wants to run the sendmail daemon"

        Then select Exit and return to the previous menu, and then tab over and select "Exit Install"

    16. Select OK when asked if you're sure you want to exit the install & reboot the system. Remove your floppy disk (probably the mfsroot disk) and your system will reboot.

        (System reboots...)

Compiling IPFILTER into the Kernel, & Configuring the System

Now that you have FreeBSD-STABLE installed on the system, we need to spend about 2-3 hours adding in IPFILTER support as well as finishing the rest of the configuration.  Here's what we're going to do in this section (in no particular order):

• Compile IPFILTER into the kernel and configure IPFILTER, IPNAT, and IPMON
• Configure IPMON so that it logs to syslog, but modify syslog so that the firewall messages get their own file and then update newsyslog so that the firewall's logs get rotated
• Install and configure Tripwire
• Compile VESA support into the kernel and change our screen resolution is 132x43
• Configure syslogd so that it won't accept connections from other machines (i.e. prevent it from being a 'listening' service)
• Add support for (and configure) a 2nd Ethernet interface (if you have 2 ISA cards)
• Configure TCP-Wrappers so that access to SSH is locked down to your local network only
• Configure SSH so that it will only accept SSH sessions from IPv4 systems and rejects connections from users it doesn't have the DSA key for
• Disable unused services in inetd (just in case it accidentally gets turned on later)
• Add a warning banner
• Configure cvsup and update your source tree & ports collection
• Make BASH the default shell for 'root' & configure root's BASH environment
• Redirect root's email to your "normal" account so that it doesn't back up on the firewall.
• Modify the /etc/fstab so that some of the partitions are mounted 'nosuid', 'noexec', or 'ro' to lock the system down even further.
• Increase the kernel's security level to "2" (Extreme)

In order to save time, I'm going to do some steps in what will appear to be an "out of order" sequence.  This is being done on purpose so that we will minimize the number of re-boots you'll have to do.  In fact, the goal is to configure the system, then recompile the kernel, and when the system reboots, you're done.  That's it.  

1. Log in as your non-priveleged user account. If your login was successful, you should be presented with a 'bash-2.05$' prompt...indicating that bash was successfully installed. After you log in, then type 'su' to switch user to root. Enter the root password.
2. Make "bash" the default shell for 'root' and perform an initial set up of root's bash environment.
   1. Use FreeBSD's password file manipulation utility, vipw, to modify root's default shell.  At a root prompt, type vipw.  A copy of the /etc/passwd file will be displayed.  Use standard vi editing commands to change root's default shell from /bin/csh (all of the way at the end of the first line) to /usr/local/bin/bash. While you're already editing the file, go ahead and change root's unofficial name 'Charlie &' to 'Super-User' or any other name that envisions Superman, etc. When you get mail from root (e.g. from the cron jobs that run every night), it'll now be maked as coming from 'Super-User' and not 'Charlie &'...just a little bit nicer. Save & exit.
   2. Verify that your manipulation of the password file was successful. Go over to your 2nd virtual terminal by hitting <Alt>-F2. When you're at the 2nd virtual terminal, log in as root. After successfully logged in, verify that you're presented with the 'bash-2.05#' prompt. If it's successful, then log out and return to the 1st virtual terminal to continue working. If it's not successful, then you need to go back to the previous step and figure out what you did wrong. Remember that bash is working because you logged in as your user account. You must have typed in something wrong, or accidentally removed a ':' (colon), etc. Go back to the first virtual terminal, type 'vipw' and re-edit the password file to fix your mistake.
   3. Create a .bashrc file in root's home directory (/root) and enter the following items (as a starting point).  After the file has been created, chmod 600 on it so that it's only readable & writable by root. Then copy it to your user's home directory (cp /root/.bashrc /usr/home/username/.bashrc). And, lastly, do a chown on the file in your user's directory so that they own the file (not root), by doing a 'chown username:groupname /usr/home/username/.bashrc' (and substitute username & groupname for something appropriate based on the user you created).

      umask 077
      PS1="[\u@\h \W]\\$ "
      alias ls='ls -alFG'

   4. Create a .bash_profile file in root's home directory and enter the following items (as a starting point).  After the file has been created, chmod 600 on it so that it's only readable & writable by root. And, just as in the previous step, copy your new .bash_profile to your user's home directory and change the owner on it so that the user owns it (not root).

      PATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:$HOME/bin; export PATH
      umask 077
      PS1="[\u@\h \W]\\$ "
      alias ls='ls -alFG'

   5. Test your settings by logging out & logging back in again.  Verify that you're using the bash shell, your cursor line looks different (i.e. it has your userid & current working directory), and that you get colorized directory listings.
3. Redirect root's email to your "normal" email account so that it doesn't get backed up the firewall
   1. Use vi to open the /etc/aliases file for editing.
   2. Modify line that says "# root: me@my.domain" by removing the "#" comment at the beginning of the line, and then modifying the "me@my.domain" email address so that it points to your "normal" email address instead. You can either point it to your new user account (so that the email stays on the machine & can be accessed without su'ing to root), or redirect it to your 'normal' email account in the office (so that you don't even have to SSH out to the firewall to see how it's doing each day).
   3. After saving & exiting, then run the command "newaliases" from the command prompt to update the email alias database. 
4. Create & install a warning banner.  Use vi to replace your /etc/motd file with the following text (or some other equivalent legal disclaimer). Make sure that you add a line that says 'update_motd="NO"' at the end of your /etc/rc.conf file when you're done...otherwise your changes will be overwritten each time the system reboots.

   * * * * * * * * * * * * W A R N I N G * * * * * * * * * * * * *
   THIS SYSTEM IS RESTRICTED TO AUTHORIZED USERS FOR AUTHORIZED USE
   ONLY. UNAUTHORIZED ACCESS IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED AND MAY BE
   PUNISHABLE UNDER THE COMPUTER FRAUD AND ABUSE ACT OF 1986 OR
   OTHER APPLICABLE LAWS. IF NOT AUTHORIZED TO ACCESS THIS SYSTEM,
   DISCONNECT NOW. BY CONTINUING, YOU CONSENT TO YOUR KEYSTROKES
   AND DATA CONTENT BEING MONITORED. ALL PERSONS ARE HEREBY
   NOTIFIED THAT THE USE OF THIS SYSTEM CONSTITUTES CONSENT TO
   MONITORING AND AUDITING.
   * * * * * * * * * * * * W A R N I N G * * * * * * * * * * * * *
   

5. Configure cvsup and update your source tree & ports collection. Note #1: after you configure cvsup and update your source and ports collection, you might want to re-run cvsup every once in a while to ensure your sources & ports collection is up-to-date (in case you want to install any new software). Note #2: We are only updating sections of the ports tree that would be "normal" for a firewall. (i.e. we are not updating the ports collection for games, X-windows, etc.). This will save disk space by not wasting it on ports you won't be installing on a firewall. I'll make the assumption that since you installed packages from the WWW, Mail, Net, and Shells section of the packages collection during the installation (i.e. when you installed lynx, etc.), you'll want the same sections of the ports collection kept up to date. In addition, we'll add to other areas with tools that might be useful on a firewall - the "security" and "sysutils" areas. Add whichever areas you want, but be aware that the more you add...the more hard disk space you'll "eat up." To get a list of which sections of the ports collection are available, do a 'more /usr/share/examples/cvsup/ports-supfile' and browse through the listings of individual ports collection names.

   [root@numa /root]# cp /usr/share/examples/cvsup/stable-supfile /etc
   [root@numa /root]# vi /etc/stable-supfile

   - Change line 66 of the file so that it points cvsup to a CVS server near you. I change mine to read '*default host=cvsup2.FreeBSD.org'
   - Add these lines at the bottom of the file:
       ports-www tag=.
       ports-mail tag=.
       ports-net tag=.
       ports-shells tag=.
       ports-security tag=.
       ports-sysutils tag=.
   - ...and other lines for ports collections you want...

   [root@numa /root]# cvsup /etc/stable-supfile

6. Modify /etc/inetd.conf so that every line is commented out...just in case it gets accidentally turned on later.  More specifically, the following 6 lines are enabled in a default install of inetd.  Comment them out by placing a "#" at the beginning of each line.  There's no need to kill & restart inetd after your done...because you're not running inetd.  We're only doing this just in case it accidentally gets turned on later.

   ftp     stream  tcp  nowait root    /usr/libexec/ftpd    ftpd -l
   telnet  stream  tcp  nowait root    /usr/libexec/telnetd telnetd
   comsat  dgram   udp  wait   tty:tty /usr/libexec/comsat  comsat
   ntalk   dgram   udp  wait   tty:tty /usr/libexec/ntalkd  ntalkd
   ftp     stream  tcp6 nowait root    /usr/libexec/ftpd    ftpd -l
   telnet  stream  tcp6 nowait root    /usr/libexec/telnetd telnetd
   

7. Configure the SSH daemon and your user's DSA key files.
   1. Modify the SSH daemon configuration file, /etc/ssh/sshd_config, so that it reads as follows. The modified lines are in bold red text.

      # This is ssh server systemwide configuration file.
      #
      # $FreeBSD: src/crypto/openssh/sshd_config,v 1.4.2.5 2001/01/18 22:36:53 green Exp $
      
      Port 22
      Protocol 2
      #ListenAddress 0.0.0.0
      #ListenAddress ::
      HostKey /etc/ssh/ssh_host_key     *** Delete this line ***
      HostDsaKey /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key
      ServerKeyBits 768
      LoginGraceTime 120
      KeyRegenerationInterval 3600
      PermitRootLogin no
      # ConnectionsPerPeriod has been deprecated completely
      
      # After 10 unauthenticated connections, refuse 30% of the new ones, and
      # refuse any more than 60 total.
      MaxStartups 10:30:60
      # Don't read ~/.rhosts and ~/.shosts files
      IgnoreRhosts yes
      # Uncomment if you don't trust ~/.ssh/known_hosts for RhostsRSAAuthentication
      #IgnoreUserKnownHosts yes
      StrictModes yes
      X11Forwarding no
      X11DisplayOffset 10
      PrintMotd yes
      KeepAlive yes
      
      # Logging
      SyslogFacility AUTH
      LogLevel DEBUG
      #obsoletes QuietMode and FascistLogging
      
      RhostsAuthentication no
      #
      # For this to work you will also need host keys in /etc/ssh_known_hosts
      RhostsRSAAuthentication no
      #
      RSAAuthentication yes
      
      # To disable tunneled clear text passwords, change to no here!
      PasswordAuthentication no
      PermitEmptyPasswords no
      # Uncomment to disable s/key passwords
      #SkeyAuthentication no
      #KbdInteractiveAuthentication yes
      
      # To change Kerberos options
      #KerberosAuthentication no
      #KerberosOrLocalPasswd yes
      #AFSTokenPassing no
      #KerberosTicketCleanup no
      
      # Kerberos TGT Passing does only work with the AFS kaserver
      #KerberosTgtPassing yes
      
      CheckMail yes
      #UseLogin no
      
      # Uncomment if you want to enable sftp
      #Subsystem sftp /usr/libexec/sftp-server
      

   2. Generate an SSH key (version 2) for your user, by performing the following steps:

      [root@numa /root]# su - testuser          *** substituted your non-privileged userid for 'testuser'
      [testuser@numa testuser]$ ssh-keygen -d   *** then accept the default DSA key name & enter a passphrase (twice)

   3. Add the public copy of your user's version 2 key to their own authorized_keys2 file by typing the following steps:

   [testuser@numa testuser]$ cd .ssh
   [testuser@numa .ssh]$ cat id_dsa.pub > authorized_keys2

   4. By whatever means you choose (floppy, etc.), copy your user's private & public keys to other systems that you'll be using to SSH to your new firewall from. By default, the private & public key go into a user's '.ssh' directory on those systems. Without the private key on those remote systems, your firewall will not accept connections from them.
   5. Now that you've copied your user's private & public keys to another system, remove them from your user's .ssh directory on the firewall. This is only a precaution so that it can't be stolen by a hacker and compromised. If you haven't copied it yet (and plan to do it later), then skip this step until after you've done so.
   6. Open up your /etc/hosts.allow file, delete all of the lines, and ensure that it reads as follows.  Note that 192.168.1.0 is the address space of your internal network in this example.  If you're using a different internal address space (e.g. 10.10.10.0), then make the appropriate modifications. 

      #
      # hosts.allow access control file for "tcp wrapped" applications.
      #
      ALL : localhost 127.0.0.1 : allow
      sshd : 192.168.1.0/255.255.255.0 : allow
      ALL : ALL : deny

8. Install and configure Tripwire
   1. First, install gmake from the FreeBSD ports collection:

      [root@numa /root]# cd /usr/ports/devel/gmake
      [root@numa gmake]# make && make install

   2. Download Tripwire-2.3.1-2 from sourceforge.net. If a new version exists, then use it instead. The configuration changes itemized, below, should remain consistent between versions of Tripwire. If not, please email me with suggested corrections.

      [root@numa gmake]# cd /root
      [root@numa /root]# lynx http://download.sourceforge.net/tripwire

      - Use the down-arrow to move through the hyperlinks until the file, tripwire-2.3.1-2.tar.gz, is highlighted, then press [Enter]
      - When asked if you want to D)ownload the file, or C)ancel, hit 'd'
      - ...file downloads...
      - After the file downloads, you'll be presented with lynx's Download Options screen. The 'Save to disk' hyperlink is automatically highlighted in red, so just hit [Enter].
      - Either accept the original filename by pressing [Enter], or modify the filename then hit [Enter] to save it.
      - After the file is saved, press 'q' to quit lynx.

      [root@numa /root]# tar zxvf tripwire-2.3.1-2.tar.gz

   3. Modify the Makefile so that it will compile for FreeBSD

      [root@numa /root]# cd tripwire-2.3.1-2/src
      [root@numa src]# vi Makefile

      - Add a comment at the beginning of line 82 (SYSPRE = i686-pc-linux)
      - Remove the '#' comment delimeter at the beginning of line 84 (SYSPRE = i386-unknown-freebsd)
      - Save and exit.

   4. Compile Tripwire. On my overclocked Pentium-200MMX, this takes almost an hour.

      [root@numa src]# gmake release

   5. Configure and install Tripwire
      1. Open Tripwire's installation configuration file using vi, and edit it as follows

         [root@numa src]# cd ../install/
         [root@numa install]# vi install.cfg

         - Change line 27 so that it reads 'TWBIN="/usr/local/sbin"'
         - Change line 33 so that it reads 'TWMAN="/usr/share/man"'
         - Change line 39 so that it reads 'TWDOCS="/usr/share/doc/tripwire"'
         - Change line 51 so that it reads 'TWEDITOR="/usr/bin/vi"'
         - Change line 88 so that it reads 'TWMAILPROGRAM="/usr/sbin/sendmail -oi -t"'
         - Save and exit.

      2. Open Tripwire's installation script using vi, and edit it as follows

         [root@numa install]# vi install.sh

         - Change line 319 so that it reads 'EULA_PATH="../$TWLICENSEFILE"'
         - Change line 491 so that it reads 'BIN_DIR="../bin/i386-unknown-freebsd_r"'
         - Change lines 621-638 so that they read as follows:
             f1=' ff=$README ; d="/.." ; dd=$TWDOCS ; rr=0444 '
             f2=' ff=$REL_NOTES ; d="/.." ; dd=$TWDOCS ; rr=0444 '
             f3=' ff=$TWLICENSEFILE ; d="/.." ; dd=$TWDOCS ; rr=0444 '
             f4=' ff=tripwire ; d="/../bin/i386-unknown-freebsd_r" ; dd=$TWBIN ; rr=0550 '
             f5=' ff=twadmin ; d="/../bin/i386-unknown-freebsd_r" ; dd=$TWBIN ; rr=0550 '
             f6=' ff=twprint ; d="/../bin/i386-unknown-freebsd_r" ; dd=$TWBIN ; rr=0550 '
             f7=' ff=siggen ; d="/../bin/i386-unknown-freebsd_r" ; dd=$TWBIN ; rr=0550 '
             f8=' ff=TRADEMARK ; d="/.." ; dd=$TWDOCS ; rr=0444 '
             f9=' ff=policyguide.txt ; d="/../policy" ; dd=$TWDOCS ; rr=0444 '
             f10=' ff=twpol.txt ; d="/../policy" ; dd=$TWPOLICY ; rr=0640 '
             f11=' ff=twpolicy.4 ; d="/../man/man4" ; dd=$TWMAN/man4 ; rr=0444 '
             f12=' ff=twconfig.4 ; d="/../man/man4" ; dd=$TWMAN/man4 ; rr=0444 '
             f13=' ff=twfiles.5 ; d="/../man/man5" ; dd=$TWMAN/man5 ; rr=0444 '
             f14=' ff=siggen.8 ; d="/../man/man8" ; dd=$TWMAN/man8 ; rr=0444 '
             f15=' ff=tripwire.8 ; d="/../man/man8" ; dd=$TWMAN/man8 ; rr=0444 '
             f16=' ff=twadmin.8 ; d="/../man/man8" ; dd=$TWMAN/man8 ; rr=0444 '
             f17=' ff=twintro.8 ; d="/../man/man8" ; dd=$TWMAN/man8 ; rr=0444 '
             f18=' ff=twprint.8 ; d="/../man/man8" ; dd=$TWMAN/man8 ; rr=0444 '
         - Save and exit.

      3. Install Tripwire

         [root@numa install]# ./install.sh

         - Answer 'y' to continue with the installation
         - Press [Enter] to view the license agreement...when complete, type 'accept' and [Enter]
         - The install script will verify that sendmail and vi are installed, then verify that the tripwire binaries are available, and then echo back all of the configuration parameters for the installation script (e.g. TWBIN, TWMAN, etc.). If everything looks good, answer 'y' to continue with the installation.
         - The install script copies all of the files, the asks you to enter a new site keyfile passphrase. Enter it, and then enter it again when asked to verify it.
         - The install script then asks you to enter a new local keyfile passphrase. Enter it, and then enter it again when asked to verify it.
         - The install script will then create a signed configuration file, but will need you to enter the site passphrase you just set, above. Enter it.
         - The install script will then create a signed policy file, but will need you to enter the site passphrase you just set, above. Enter it.
         - ...installation is complete.

   6. Install a new Tripwire text policy file. Replace the contents of the file /usr/local/etc/tripwire/twpol.txt with the following. It is a functional Tripwire policy configuration file for FreeBSD-4.3, but feel free to edit it based upon your own special installation & configuration.:

      @@section GLOBAL
      TWROOT="/usr/local";
      TWBIN="/usr/local/sbin";
      TWPOL="/etc/tripwire";
      TWDB="/var/lib/tripwire";
      TWSKEY="/etc/tripwire";
      TWLKEY="/etc/tripwire";
      TWREPORT="/var/lib/tripwire/report";
      HOSTNAME=hostname.domain;
      
      @@section FS
      SEC_CRIT = $(IgnoreNone)-SHa; # Critical files - we can't afford to miss any changes.
      SEC_SUID = $(IgnoreNone)-SHa; # Binaries with the SUID or SGID flags set.
      SEC_TCB = $(ReadOnly); # Members of the Trusted Computing Base.
      SEC_BIN = $(ReadOnly); # Binaries that shouldn't change
      SEC_CONFIG = $(Dynamic); # Config files that are changed infrequently but accessed often.
      SEC_LOG = $(Growing); # Files that grow, but that should never change ownership.
      SEC_INVARIANT = +pug; # Directories that should never change permission or ownership.
      SIG_LOW = 33; # Non-critical files that are of minimal security impact
      SIG_MED = 66; # Non-critical files that are of significant security impact
      SIG_HI = 100; # Critical files that are significant points of vulnerability
      
      # Tripwire Binaries
      (rulename = "Tripwire Binaries", severity = $(SIG_HI))
      {
        $(TWBIN)/siggen -> $(SEC_TCB);
        $(TWBIN)/tripwire -> $(SEC_TCB);
        $(TWBIN)/twadmin -> $(SEC_TCB);
        $(TWBIN)/twprint -> $(SEC_TCB);
      }
      
      # Tripwire Data Files - Configuration Files, Policy Files, Keys, Reports, Databases
      (rulename = "Tripwire Data Files", severity = $(SIG_HI))
      {
        # NOTE: Removing the inode attribute because when Tripwire creates a backup
        # it does so by renaming the old file and creating a new one (which will
        # have a new inode number). Leaving inode turned on for keys, which shouldn't
        # ever change.
      
        # NOTE: this rule will trigger on the first integrity check after database
        # initialization, and each integrity check afterward until a database update
        # is run, since the database file will not exist before that point.
        $(TWDB) -> $(SEC_CONFIG) -i;
        $(TWPOL)/tw.pol -> $(SEC_BIN) -i;
        $(TWPOL)/tw.cfg -> $(SEC_BIN) -i;
        $(TWLKEY)/$(HOSTNAME)-local.key -> $(SEC_BIN);
        $(TWSKEY)/site.key -> $(SEC_BIN);
      
        #don't scan the individual reports
        $(TWREPORT) -> $(SEC_CONFIG) (recurse=0);
      }
      
      # These files are critical to a correct system boot.
      (rulename = "Critical system boot files", severity = 100)
      {
        /boot -> $(SEC_CRIT);
        /kernel -> $(SEC_CRIT);
      }
      
      # These files change the behavior of the root account and also the authorized_keys2
      # file for the user we created earlier
      (rulename = "Root config files", severity = 100)
      {
        /root -> $(SEC_CRIT);
        /root/.bash_history -> $(SEC_LOG);
        /root/.bash_profile -> $(SEC_CRIT);
        /root/.bashrc -> $(SEC_CRIT);
        /home/username/.ssh/authorized_keys2 -> $(SEC_CRIT);
      }
      
      # Commonly accessed directories that should remain static with regards to owner and group
      (rulename = "Invariant Directories", severity = $(SIG_MED))
      {
        / -> $(SEC_INVARIANT) (recurse = 0);
        /etc -> $(SEC_INVARIANT) (recurse = 0);
        /usr/local/etc -> $(SEC_INVARIANT) (recurse = 0);
      }
      
      (rulename = "Shell Binaries", severity = $(SIG_HI))
      {
        /usr/local/bin/bash -> $(SEC_BIN);
        /bin/csh -> $(SEC_BIN);
        /bin/sh -> $(SEC_BIN);
        /bin/tcsh -> $(SEC_BIN);
      }
      
      # Rest of critical system binaries
      (rulename = "OS executables and libraries", severity = $(SIG_HI))
      {
        /bin -> $(SEC_BIN) (recurse = 1);
        /usr/bin -> $(SEC_BIN) (recurse = 1);
        /usr/lib -> $(SEC_BIN) (recurse = 1);
        /sbin -> $(SEC_BIN) (recurse = 1);
        /usr/sbin -> $(SEC_BIN) (recurse = 1);
      }
      
      # Local files
      (rulename = "User executables and libraries", severity = $(SIG_MED))
      {
        /usr/local/bin -> $(SEC_BIN) (recurse = 1);
        /usr/local/sbin -> $(SEC_BIN) (recurse = 1);
      }
      
      # Temporary directories
      (rulename = "Temporary directories", recurse = false, severity = $(SIG_LOW))
      {
        /usr/tmp -> $(SEC_INVARIANT);
        /var/tmp -> $(SEC_INVARIANT);
        /tmp -> $(SEC_INVARIANT);
      }
      
      # Include
      (rulename = "OS Development Files", severity = $(SIG_MED))
      {
        /usr/include -> $(SEC_BIN);
        /usr/local/include -> $(SEC_BIN);
      }
      
      # Shared
      (rulename = "OS Shared Files", severity = $(SIG_MED))
      {
        /usr/share -> $(SEC_BIN);
        !/usr/share/man;
        /usr/local/share -> $(SEC_BIN);
      }
      
      # setuid/setgid root programs
      (rulename = "setuid/setgid", severity = $(SIG_HI))
      {
        /bin/df -> $(SEC_SUID);
        /bin/rcp -> $(SEC_SUID);
        /sbin/ccdconfig -> $(SEC_SUID);
        /sbin/dmesg -> $(SEC_SUID);
        /sbin/dump -> $(SEC_SUID);
        /sbin/ping -> $(SEC_SUID);
        /sbin/ping6 -> $(SEC_SUID);
        /sbin/rdump -> $(SEC_SUID);
        /sbin/restore -> $(SEC_SUID);
        /sbin/route -> $(SEC_SUID);
        /sbin/rrestore -> $(SEC_SUID);
        /sbin/shutdown -> $(SEC_SUID);
        /usr/bin/at -> $(SEC_SUID);
        /usr/bin/atq -> $(SEC_SUID);
        /usr/bin/atrm -> $(SEC_SUID);
        /usr/bin/batch -> $(SEC_SUID);
        /usr/bin/chfn -> $(SEC_SUID);
        /usr/bin/chpass -> $(SEC_SUID);
        /usr/bin/chsh -> $(SEC_SUID);
        /usr/bin/crontab -> $(SEC_SUID);
        /usr/bin/cu -> $(SEC_SUID);
        /usr/bin/fstat -> $(SEC_SUID);
        /usr/bin/ipcs -> $(SEC_SUID);
        /usr/bin/keyinfo -> $(SEC_SUID);
        /usr/bin/keyinit -> $(SEC_SUID);
        /usr/bin/lock -> $(SEC_SUID);
        /usr/bin/login -> $(SEC_SUID);
        /usr/bin/lpq -> $(SEC_SUID);
        /usr/bin/lpr -> $(SEC_SUID);
        /usr/bin/lprm -> $(SEC_SUID);
        /usr/bin/man -> $(SEC_SUID);
        /usr/bin/netstat -> $(SEC_SUID);
        /usr/bin/nfsstat -> $(SEC_SUID);
        /usr/bin/passwd -> $(SEC_SUID);
        /usr/bin/quota -> $(SEC_SUID);
        /usr/bin/rlogin -> $(SEC_SUID);
        /usr/bin/rsh -> $(SEC_SUID);
        /usr/bin/su -> $(SEC_SUID);
        /usr/bin/systat -> $(SEC_SUID);
        /usr/bin/top -> $(SEC_SUID);
        /usr/bin/uucp -> $(SEC_SUID);
        /usr/bin/uuname -> $(SEC_SUID);
        /usr/bin/uustat -> $(SEC_SUID);
        /usr/bin/uux -> $(SEC_SUID);
        /usr/bin/vmstat -> $(SEC_SUID);
        /usr/bin/wall -> $(SEC_SUID);
        /usr/bin/write -> $(SEC_SUID);
        /usr/bin/ypchfn -> $(SEC_SUID);
        /usr/bin/ypchpass -> $(SEC_SUID);
        /usr/bin/ypchsh -> $(SEC_SUID);
        /usr/bin/yppasswd -> $(SEC_SUID);
        /usr/libexec/sendmail/sendmail -> $(SEC_SUID);
        /usr/libexec/uucp/uucico -> $(SEC_SUID);
        /usr/libexec/uucp/uuxqt -> $(SEC_SUID);
        /usr/local/bin/mutt_dotlock -> $(SEC_SUID);
        /usr/sbin/ifmcstat -> $(SEC_SUID);
        /usr/sbin/iostat -> $(SEC_SUID);
        /usr/sbin/lpc -> $(SEC_SUID);
        /usr/sbin/mrinfo -> $(SEC_SUID);
        /usr/sbin/mtrace -> $(SEC_SUID);
        /usr/sbin/ppp -> $(SEC_SUID);
        /usr/sbin/pppd -> $(SEC_SUID);
        /usr/sbin/pstat -> $(SEC_SUID);
        /usr/sbin/sliplogin -> $(SEC_SUID);
        /usr/sbin/swapinfo -> $(SEC_SUID);
        /usr/sbin/timedc -> $(SEC_SUID);
        /usr/sbin/traceroute -> $(SEC_SUID);
        /usr/sbin/traceroute6 -> $(SEC_SUID);
        /usr/sbin/trpt -> $(SEC_SUID);
      }
      
      (rulename = "Configuration Files", severity = $(SIG_MED))
      {
        /etc/hosts -> $(SEC_CONFIG);
        /etc/inetd.conf -> $(SEC_CONFIG);
        /etc/resolv.conf -> $(SEC_CONFIG);
        /etc/syslog.conf -> $(SEC_CONFIG);
        /etc/newsyslog.conf -> $(SEC_CONFIG);
      }
      
      (rulename = "Security Control", severity = $(SIG_HI))
      {
        /etc/group -> $(SEC_CRIT);
        /etc/security/ -> $(SEC_CRIT);
      }
      
      (rulename = "Login Scripts", severity = $(SIG_HI))
      {
        /etc/csh.login -> $(SEC_CONFIG);
        /etc/csh.logout -> $(SEC_CONFIG);
        /etc/csh.cshrc -> $(SEC_CONFIG);
        /etc/profile -> $(SEC_CONFIG);
      }
      
      # These files change every time the system boots
      (rulename = "System boot changes", severity = $(SIG_HI))
      {
        /dev/log -> $(Dynamic);
        /dev/cuaa0 -> $(Dynamic);
        /dev/console -> $(Dynamic);
        /dev/ttyv0 -> $(Dynamic);
        /dev/ttyv1 -> $(Dynamic);
        /dev/ttyv2 -> $(Dynamic);
        /dev/ttyv3 -> $(Dynamic);
        /dev/ttyv4 -> $(Dynamic);
        /dev/ttyv5 -> $(Dynamic);
        /dev/ttyv6 -> $(Dynamic);
        /dev/ttyp0 -> $(Dynamic);
        /dev/ttyp1 -> $(Dynamic);
        /dev/ttyp2 -> $(Dynamic);
        /dev/ttyp3 -> $(Dynamic);
        /dev/ttyp4 -> $(Dynamic);
        /dev/ttyp5 -> $(Dynamic);
        /dev/ttyp6 -> $(Dynamic);
        /dev/urandom -> $(Dynamic);
        /var/run -> $(Dynamic);
        /var/log -> $(Dynamic);
      }
      
      # Critical configuration files
      (rulename = "Critical configuration files", severity = $(SIG_HI))
      {
        /etc/crontab -> $(ReadOnly);
        /etc/periodic/daily -> $(ReadOnly);
        /etc/periodic/weekly -> $(ReadOnly);
        /etc/periodic/monthly -> $(ReadOnly);
        /etc/defaults -> $(ReadOnly);
        /etc/fstab -> $(ReadOnly);
        /etc/hosts.allow -> $(ReadOnly);
        /etc/ttys -> $(ReadOnly);
        /etc/gettytab -> $(ReadOnly);
        /etc/protocols -> $(ReadOnly);
        /etc/services -> $(ReadOnly);
        /etc/rc -> $(ReadOnly);
        /etc/rc.conf -> $(ReadOnly);
        /etc/rc.atm -> $(ReadOnly);
        /etc/rc.devfs -> $(ReadOnly);
        /etc/rc.diskless1 -> $(ReadOnly);
        /etc/rc.diskless2 -> $(ReadOnly);
        /etc/rc.firewall -> $(ReadOnly);
        /etc/rc.firewall6 -> $(ReadOnly);
        /etc/rc.i386 -> $(ReadOnly);
        /etc/rc.isdn -> $(ReadOnly);
        /etc/rc.network -> $(ReadOnly);
        /etc/rc.network6 -> $(ReadOnly);
        /etc/rc.pccard -> $(ReadOnly);
        /etc/rc.resume -> $(ReadOnly);
        /etc/rc.serial -> $(ReadOnly);
        /etc/rc.shutdown -> $(ReadOnly);
        /etc/rc.suspend -> $(ReadOnly);
        /etc/rc.syscons -> $(ReadOnly);
        /etc/rc.sysctl -> $(ReadOnly);
        /etc/motd -> $(ReadOnly);
        /etc/passwd -> $(ReadOnly);
        /etc/master.passwd -> $(ReadOnly);
        /etc/pwd.db -> $(ReadOnly);
        /etc/spwd.db -> $(ReadOnly);
        /etc/rpc -> $(ReadOnly);
        /etc/shells -> $(ReadOnly);
        /etc/ipf.rules -> $(ReadOnly);
        /etc/ipnat.rules -> $(ReadOnly);
        /etc/ssh/sshd_config -> $(ReadOnly);
      }
      
      # Critical devices
      (rulename = "Critical devices", severity = $(SIG_HI), recurse = false)
      {
        /dev/kmem -> $(Device);
        /dev/mem -> $(Device);
        /dev/null -> $(Device);
        /dev/zero -> $(Device);
      }
      

   7. Re-generate the Tripwire policy file and database - Now that you have a good Tripwire text policy file, we need to actually create the policy file from it and the Tripwire database itself. To do that, just type the following commands:

      [root@numa /root]# twadmin --create-polfile --cfgfile /etc/tripwire/tw.cfg /etc/tripwire/twpol.txt
      [root@numa /root]# tripwire --init --cfgfile /etc/tripwire/tw.cfg
      
           *** Note: You will receive an error that says that two files do
               not exist yet. These two files are /etc/ipf.rules and /etc/ipnat.rules.
               That's OK because we haven't created them yet. We won't until another
               5-10 steps from now. After you have completed this HOWTO, simply
               re-initialize the tripwire database & everything will be OK.

   8. Create a cron job to check the integrity of your system every day at 4AM:

      [root@numa /root]# cd /etc
      [root@numa /etc]# vi crontab
      

      - Add the following line to the file:
         0   4   *   *   *    root   /usr/local/sbin/tripwire --check --cfgfile /etc/tripwire/tw.cfg

   9. In the future, when you want to interactively check your system for changes, and then incorporate those changes into the Tripwire database, run the following command. After you run it, you'll be presented with a report of the policy violations. Edit it with vi, leaving an 'x' next to each policy violation that you want the database updated with. Then edit & save.

      [root@numa /root]# tripwire --check --interactive --cfgfile /etc/tripwire/tw.cfg

9. Edit your /etc/rc.conf file so that it's ready for the screen resolution changes and the IPFILTER modifications we'll make in a few minutes.
   1. Towards the middle of the file, there's a line that reads 'inetd_enable="YES"', and right above it, there's a line that reads, 'inetd_enable="NO"'. Delete the line that says 'inetd_enable="YES"' since we don't want inetd turned on. Also, there's a line that reads, 'sendmail_enable="YES"' and another one right above it that reads, 'sendmail_enable="NO"'. Delete the line that reads 'sendmail_enable="YES"' since we don't want sendmail enabled.
   2. Add the following lines at the bottom of the file to support 132x43 screen resolution (after we compile VESA support into the kernel, below).

      font8x8="/usr/share/syscons/fonts/iso02-8x8.fnt"
      allscreens_flags="132x43"
      

   3. Add the following line at the bottom of the file so that syslog won't log to remote machines, nor will it accept logs from remote machines. This still allows syslog to function, but stops it from being a 'listening' service.

      syslogd_flags="-ss"

   4. Add the following line at the bottom of the file so that SSHD only listens for IPv4 addresses

      sshd_flags="-4"

   5. Add the following lines at the bottom of the file so that IPFILTER, IPNAT, and IPMON will work correctly after we compile support for it into the kernel and create the appropriate files, below. Note, the options for ipmon perform the following - D causes it to run as a daemon, s tells it to log to syslog rather than a file, v tells it to log the tcp window, ack and sequence fields, and n tells it to map the IP addresses and port numbers back to hostnames and service names.

      ipfilter_enable="YES"
      ipmon_enable="YES"
      ipmon_flags="-Dsvn"
      ipnat_enable="YES"

   6. Modify the following line so that your 2nd ISA network card is a valid network interface.  Note, we're adding "ed1" to the 'network_interfaces' line that was already there.

      network_interfaces="ed0 ed1 lo0"

   7. Add the following line so that your new 2nd ISA network card is configured correctly.  Again, we're assuming that you're using 192.168.1.0 as the internal network:

      ifconfig_ed1="inet 192.168.1.1 netmask 255.255.255.0"

10. Create a separate logfile for our firewall logs and another one for our SSHD authentication log entries. Then edit the newsyslog configuration file so that your new logfiles are rotated properly.
    1. Create a new file for the firewall and authentication logs with the following commands:

       [root@numa /root]# touch /var/log/firewall_logs
       [root@numa /root]# touch /var/log/authlog
       [root@numa /root]# chmod 600 /var/log/firewall_logs
       [root@numa /root]# chmod 600 /var/log/authlog

    2. Modify your syslog configuration file (/etc/syslog.conf) so that the IPFILTER logged events (logged with IPMON) are sent to your new separate firewall log file. In addition, modify syslog so that IPFILTER logged events don't fill up the root console. Insert the following line at the top of the file:

       local0.*     /var/log/firewall_logs

       Modify the following line (at about line 14) and add the 'local0.none' part to it (like I have it, below):

       *.notice;news.err;local0.none     root

    3. Modify your syslog configuration file (/etc/syslog.conf) so that the SSHD logged events are sent to a log file called "authlog". Insert the following line at the top of the file:

       auth.*      /var/log/authlog

    4. Modify your newsyslog configuration file (/etc/newsyslog.conf) so that your new firewall log files get rotated just like the primary syslog file (/var/log/messages). Add the following new line to the bottom of the file:

       /var/log/firewall_logs    600   5   100   *   Z
       /var/log/authlog          600   5   100   *   Z

11. Create your IPFILTER and IPNAT rulesets
    1. Using vi, create a new IPFILTER firewall ruleset, /etc/ipf.rules, & add the following lines to it. Note: The assumption is that ed0 is the "outside" interface (i.e. connected to your ISP), and ed1 is the "inside" interface (i.e. connected to your internal network).  Also note that we're not performing egress filtering here.  We're blocking all inbound packets from the internet and allowing all internal network packets out (and keeping state on them so that they're allowed back in).  After your box is configured to your liking, I heavily recommend implementing egress filtering.
       
       For those new to egress filtering...all it means is that you only allow out of your network traffic that you explicitly want to let out. For example, you'd change the line that allows unrestricted outbound tcp traffic (the first rule in the ruleset) into 5 or more different rules. One which allows outbound traffic as long as it's going to port 80 (http). The second allows outbound traffic as long as it's going to port 25 (smtp), etc. Add as many rules as you need to define the outbound traffic that you're allowing. Then, add a rule before all of these that blocks all outbound traffic to broadcast addresses (i.e. anything that ends with a 255...like x.x.x.255). And you'd add another rule that blocks all outbound traffic if the source address isn't on the 192.168.1.0 network or the IP address of your ed0 interface (the one that's connected to your ISP). So, you'd be blocking all packets that aren't coming from your network or your own system. In other words, you know that your users will only need to go out to web sites, send mail, etc. And they'll never need to send broadcast packets out to the Internet, etc. And they better not be spoofing their source IP address. This is only a sample of what egress filtering is all about. Good (read as 'restrictive') egress filtering can be quite complex, but is in the best interest of the Internet because it doesn't allow your box (in the off-chance that it does get hacked) to be used maliciously for things like "smurf" attacks and other broadcast amplification attacks (where your system sends out broadcast packets to a target network to get as many systems to respond as possible...which eats up their bandwidth). In addition, it lets you know if you have any systems on the inside of your network that are trying to access the internet over unauthorized protocols & services (read as "misbehaving users...").
       
       And as a final note, since we're using IPFILTER's stateful packet inspection abilities, we don't need to reject traffic spoofing non-routable or reserved addresses...they'll be blocked automatically since they don't match a corresponding packet in the state table. If you do allow certain services into your firewall (say, SSH access from the Internet so that you can manage the firewall remotely), then you'll have to add these filters in. To do so, block all incoming traffic on your ed0 interface that claims to have a source IP address of 192.168.0.0/16, 10.0.0.0/8, or any of the other reserved addresses, etc.
       
       Use this IPFILTER ruleset as a starting point. After you have everything running, add in whatever you want (egress filtering, protection from non-routable addresses, IP spoofing protection, etc.) to complete the job. This is only a starting point.

       #################################################################
       # Outside Interface
       #################################################################
       
       #----------------------------------------------------------------
       # Allow out all TCP, UDP, and ICMP traffic & keep state on it
       # so that it's allowed back in.
       #----------------------------------------------------------------
       pass out quick on ed0 proto tcp from any to any keep state
       pass out quick on ed0 proto udp from any to any keep state
       pass out quick on ed0 proto icmp from any to any keep state
       block out quick on ed0 all
       
       #----------------------------------------------------------------
       # Allow bootp traffic in from your ISP's DHCP server only.
       # Replace X.X.X.X/32 with your ISP's DHCP server address.
       #----------------------------------------------------------------
       pass in quick on ed0 proto udp from X.X.X.X/32 to any port = 68 keep state
       
       #----------------------------------------------------------------
       # Block and log all remaining traffic coming into the firewall
       # - Block TCP with a RST (to make it appear as if the service
       # isn't listening)
       # - Block UDP with an ICMP Port Unreachable (to make it appear
       # as if the service isn't listening)
       # - Block all remaining traffic the good 'ol fashioned way
       #----------------------------------------------------------------
       block return-rst in log quick on ed0 proto tcp from any to any
       block return-icmp-as-dest(port-unr) in log quick on ed0 proto udp from any to any
       block in log quick on ed0 all
       
       #################################################################
       # Inside Interface
       #################################################################
       
       #----------------------------------------------------------------
       # Allow out all TCP, UDP, and ICMP traffic & keep state
       #----------------------------------------------------------------
       pass out quick on ed1 proto tcp from any to any keep state
       pass out quick on ed1 proto udp from any to any keep state
       pass out quick on ed1 proto icmp from any to any keep state
       block out quick on ed1 all
       
       #----------------------------------------------------------------
       # Allow in all TCP, UDP, and ICMP traffic & keep state
       #----------------------------------------------------------------
       pass in quick on ed1 proto tcp from any to any keep state
       pass in quick on ed1 proto udp from any to any keep state
       pass in quick on ed1 proto icmp from any to any keep state
       block in quick on ed1 all

    2. Using vi, create a new IPNAT translation ruleset, /etc/ipnat.rules, & add the following lines to it.  This single line will take all packets going out on your external NIC (ed0) that have a source address coming from your internal network (192.168.1.0), and translates it to whatever IP address your external NIC happens to have at that time (translating it to "0/32" is the way IPNAT does it).

       map ed0 192.168.1.0/24 -> 0/32

12. Compile your kernel for IPFILTER support, VESA support, and your 2nd ISA Ethernet card
    1. Change directory into /usr/src/sys/i386/conf

       cd /usr/src/sys/i386/conf

    2. Copy the file GENERIC to a new file - typically named after your hostname (I'll assume that your hostname is "FIREWALL")

       cp GENERIC FIREWALL

    3. Using vi, edit your new file, FIREWALL, and make the following changes:
       1. In line 2 of the file (part of the main comment block) change the word, GENERIC, to your hostname, FIREWALL.
       2. On line 18 of the file (still part of the main comment block), change the word, GENERIC, to your hostname, FIREWALL
       3. On lines 21-24, comment out the "cpu" lines so that only the one for your specific chip is left. For a Pentium MMX, I commented out all of them except line 23 - cpu "I586_CPU"
       4. On line 25, change the value of the ident parameter so that it's your hostname, FIREWALL
       5. Starting at about line 32 (right after the line with "options INET"), add the following 3 new lines to add IPFILTER support into your firewall and have it automatically block all packets by default:

          options IPFILTER
          options IPFILTER_LOG
          options IPFILTER_DEFAULT_BLOCK

       6. At about line 130 (immediately following the line "device vga0 at isa?"), add the following line to add support for VESA video modes (for 132x43 resolution):

          options VESA

       7. At about line 194, (in the networking portion...right after the title "ISA Ethernet NICs" and after the line with "device ed0 at isa? port 0x280 irq 10 iomem 0xd8000"), add the following new line to add support for a 2nd generic NE2000-compatible ISA Ethernet card.  Pre-configure the IRQ and port to whatever your 2nd ISA Ethernet card is configured to (to save you a little time after you reboot):

          device ed1 at isa? port 0x280 irq 10 iomem 0xd8000

    4. After saving your kernel configuration file, FIREWALL, type the following commands in this order to compile your kernel (assuming the name is "FIREWALL"), install it, and then reboot your system.  Note that you're starting this sequence while you're still in the /usr/src/sys/i386/conf directory.  With my old 200MHz Pentium MMX (overclocked to 225MHz) with 96MB or RAM, the "make depend" command took 5 minutes; the "make" command took 25 minutes; and the "make install" command took less than a minute.

       [root@numa conf]# /usr/sbin/config -g FIREWALL
       [root@numa conf]# cd ../../compile/FIREWALL
       [root@numa FIREWALL]# make depend
       [root@numa FIREWALL]# make
       [root@numa FIREWALL]# make install

13. Next, edit your /etc/rc.conf file with vi and change the kernel security level to "2" (which is the 'Extreme' setting we mentioned all of the way at the beginning of this HOWTO) by doing the following:

    - Modify the line that reads 'kern_securelevel_enable="NO"' and change the value to "YES"
    - Add a line beneath it that reads 'kern_securelevel="2"'

14. Lastly, modify the /etc/fstab file with vi so that we can change how each partition is mounted...to ensure that hackers can do at little as possible if they (by chance alone) hack the box. Essentially, we're restricting some of the partitions so that they are 'nosuid', 'noexec', and 'ro'. The original /etc/fstab should look something like this (if you ignore the first column...which lists the actual device names):

    /          ufs rw 1 1
    /tmp       ufs rw 2 2
    /usr       ufs rw 2 2
    /usr/home  ufs rw 2 2
    /usr/local ufs rw 2 2
    /var       ufs rw 2 2
    

    Modify the /etc/fstab file so that it reads as follows:

    /          ufs rw,nosuid        1 1
    /tmp       ufs rw,noexec,nosuid 2 2
    /usr       ufs ro               2 2
    /usr/home  ufs rw,noexec,nosuid 2 2
    /usr/local ufs ro,nosuid        2 2
    /var       ufs rw,noexec,nosuid 2 2
    

    Note that this will make adding new software, etc. much more difficult since /usr and /usr/local are mounted read-only. This means that programs which try to install their user-land programs in /usr/local/bin will fail during their install programs. And cvsup...which will try to update the kernel's source code in /usr/src and the ports in /usr/ports...well, they're now read-only because they fall under /usr.
    
    If you want to add new software or upgrade the kernel & ports tree source code, you'll need to
    1. Change the partition's mounting in /etc/fstab back to their original values. I recommend keeping a copy of /etc/fstab called /etc/fstab.original and another one called /etc/fstab.restrictive, then copy the appropriate file over to /etc/fstab before you reboot.
    2. Bump the kernel security level back down to "1" by setting the kern_securelevel paramater in your /etc/rc.conf file, and then
    3. Reboot the machine
    A pain, I know, but this is your firewall, not a desktop workstation. This is the price you pay for a VERY, VERY secure machine. If you want an even more secure machine than this, then you can start setting the immutable flag on files in the filesystem by using the chflags command with the schg flag...but I won't cover that in this howto.
    
    
15. Reboot the machine so we can finish the job...

    [root@numa /etc]# shutdown -r now

16. As the system is rebooting, go through the kernel reconfiguration process if you need to configure your 2nd generic NE2000-compatible ISA Ethernet Card.  
    1. To do this, interrupt the boot process by hitting the [space bar] when you see the following:

       Hit [Enter] to boot immediately, or any other key for command prompt.
       Booting [kernel] in 9 seconds...

    2. Then, at the '>' prompt, type 'boot -c' and hit [Enter].  This will boot into the Kernel Configuration Utility
    3. Then, at the next '>' prompt (usually "'config>") type 'v' and hit [Enter] to start the Kernel Configuration Utility in visual mode.  This will drop you off at the step 6 of the first section of this document (Installing FreeBSD-STABLE).  This time, you'll see support for your 2nd Ethernet card, ed1.  Configure the IRQ and Port, then save and continue booting
17. After the system boots, you should have a completely working firewall...enjoy!

Source URL: http://www.schlacter.dyndns.org/public/FreeBSD-STABLE_and_IPFILTER.html
Questions or Comments? E-mail: Marty Schlacter